Émile is removed from man’s society to a little society inhabited only by the child and his tutor. Émile, his major work on education, describes an attempt to educate a simple and pure natural child for life in a world from which social man is estranged. Illustration of Émile from Émile or, On Education Rousseau is pessimistic, almost fatalistic, about changing the nature of modern man. The creation of the arts and sciences caused man to become “less pure,” more artificial, and egoistic, and man’s egoistic nature prevents him from regaining the simplicity of original human nature. Yet Rousseau found that mankind has not one nature but several: man originally lived in a “pure state of nature” but was altered by changes beyond control and took on a different nature this nature, in turn, was changed as man became social. He argued that good education should develop the nature of man. Rousseau, in his A Discourse on Inequality, an account of the historical development of the human race, distinguished between “natural man” (man as formed by nature) and “social man” (man as shaped by society). Rousseau and his followers were intrigued by a third and more elusive ideal: naturalism. Pietists emphasized Christian devotion and diligence as paths to the good life Enlightenment thinkers focused on reason and clear thinking as the sensible way to happiness. The background and influence of naturalism

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